INTRODUCTION
1. Ethiopia’s human rights situation deteriorated sharply since its last UPR on May 14, 2019.1
Since then, government forces, militias, and armed groups have been committing widespread
abuses with impunity, resulting in grave violations of international human rights and
humanitarian law. Government efforts to address past and ongoing abuses, including
atrocities carried out during armed conflict since 2020, have lacked transparency and
independent oversight. Journalists, civil society organizations, and outspoken public figures
have faced an increasingly hostile and restrictive environment, with government authorities
resorting to arbitrary arrest and prolonged detention without charge.
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